Paali Primer

Exercise 1

Translate into English

1. Bhuupaalo bhu~njati.
king / eats
The king eats.

2. Puttaa sayanti.
sons / sleep
Sons sleep.

3. Vaa.nijaa sayanti.
merchants / sleep
Merchants sleep.

4. Buddho passati.
Buddha / sees
The Buddha sees.

5. Kumaaro dhaavati.
boy / runs
The boy runs.

6. Maatulo kasati.
uncle / ploughs
The uncle ploughs.

7. Braahma.naa bhaasanti.
brahmins / speak
Brahmins speak.

8. Mittaa gacchanti.
friends / go
Friends go.

9. Kassakaa pacanti.
farmers / cook
Farmers cook.

10. Manusso chindati.
man / cuts
The man cuts.

11. Purisaa dhaavanti.
men / run
Men run.

12. Sahaayako bhu~njati.
friend / eats
The friend eats.

13. Tathaagato bhaasati.
Buddha / speaks
The Buddha speaks.

14. Naro pacati.
man / cooks
The man cooks.

15. Sahaayaa kasanti.
friends / plough
Friends plough.

16. Sugato aagacchati.
Buddha / comes
The Buddha comes.

Translate into Paali

1. Sons run.
puttaa / dhaavanti
Puttaa dhaavanti.

2. The uncle sees.
maatulo / passati
Maatulo passati.

3. The Buddha comes.
Buddho / aagacchati
Buddho aagacchati.

4. Boys eat.
kumaaraa / bhu~njanti
Kumaaraa bhu~njanti.

5. Merchants go.
vaa.nijaa / gacchanti
Vaa.nijaa gacchanti.

6. The man sleeps.
manusso / sayati
Manusso sayati.

7. Kings go.
bhuupaalaa / gacchanti
Bhuupaalaa gacchanti.

8. The brahmin cuts.
braahma.no / chindati
Braahma.no chindati.

9. Friends speak.
mittaa / bhaasanti
Mittaa bhaasanti.

10. The farmer ploughs.
kassako / kasati
Kassako kasati.

11. The merchant comes.
vaa.nijo / aagacchati
Vaa.nijo aagacchati.

12. Sons cut.
puttaa / chindanti
Puttaa chindanti.

13. Uncles speak.
maatulaa / bhaasanti
Maatulaa bhaasanti.

14. The boy runs.
kumaaro / dhaavati
Kumaaro dhaavati.

15. The friend speaks.
sahaayo / bhaasati
- Sahaayo bhaasati.
- Mitto bhaasati.

16. The Buddha sees.
Buddho / passati
Buddho passati.

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Notes:

1. bhuupaala: king, lit. protector of the earth - a word rarely used in the texts. Other words for king include raaja (Narada Lesson 17, Warder p.153) and bhuupati (Lesson 25).

2. Here is a list of words related to bhaasati.
bhaasati - to speak;
1. akkosati - to scold, swear at, abuse, revile;
2. ajjhesati - to request, ask, bid;
3. atidisati - to give further explanation, to explain in detail;
4. adhibhaasati - to address, to speak to;
5. anukassati - to draw after, to repeat, recite, quote;
6. anudisati - to point out, direct, bid, address;
7. anubhaasati - to speak after, to repeat;
8. anusaasati - to advise, admonish, instruct in or give advice upon;
9. anuhasati - to laugh at, to ridicule;
10. anvaadisati - to advise, dedicate, assign;
11. apadisati - to call to witness, to refer to, to quote;
12. abhisa.msati - to execrate, revile, lay a curse on;
13. abhisi.msati - to utter a solemn wish;
14. avahasati - to laugh at, deride, mock;
15. aadisati - to announce, tell, point out, refer to; to dedicate;
16. ukka.msati - to exalt, praise;
17. ukkaasati - to "ahem"!, to cough, to clear one's throat;
18. uddisati - to propose, point out, appoint, allot;
19. upakkosati - to scold, reprove, blame;
20. upadisati - to point out, show, advise, specify;
21. uuhasati - to laugh at, deride, mock;
22. obhaasati - to speak to, to rail at, offend, abuse;
23. ghasati - to eat;
24. ~nasati - to bite (of snakes, scorpions);
25. namassati - to pay honour to, to venerate, honour, do homage to;
26. pakkosati - to call, summon;
27. paccakkosati - to curse in return;
28. paccanubhaasati - to speak out or mention correspondingly, to
enumerate;
29. paccaabhaasati - to retort, recite, explain, relate;
30. paccaasati - to ask, beg, pray;
31. paccaasi.msati - to expect, wait for, desire, hope for, ask;
32. pa.tikkosati - to blame, reject, revile, scorn;
33. pa.tipasa.msati - to praise back or in return;
34. pa.tibhaasati - to address in return or in reply;
35. pa.tirosati - to annoy in return, to tease back;
36. pabhaasati - to tell, declare, talk;
37. paribhaasati - to abuse, scold, revile, censure, deiame;
38. parihasati - to laugh at, mock, deride;
39. pasa.msati - to speak out, praise, commend, agree;
40. pasasati - to teach, instruct;
41. pahasati - to laugh, giggle;
42. pahassati - to laugh, be joyful or cheerful;
43. bhasati - to bark;
44. sa.msati - to proclaim, point out;
45. sa.mhasati - to laugh with;
46. samaubhaasati - to converse or study together;
47. samaadisati - to indicate, to command;
48. samukka.msati - to extol, to praise;
49. si.msati - to neigh;
50. hasati & hassati - to laugh, to be merry; to neigh (of horses);
51. hesati - to neigh.

3. According to PED, the three words sahaaya/sahaayaka/mitta all mean 'friend'. sahaaya/sahaayaka in some passages may also mean companion or ally.